Pharmacoeconomics identifies, measures, and compares the costs (resources used) and consequences (clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes) of the use of pharmaceutical products and services. Cost-consequence, cost-minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and quality of life methodologies are applied to answer questions about the value of therapy to the patient, payer, health care system and society. Decision makers can use these methods to evaluate and compare the total costs of treatment options and the outcomes associated with these options.

Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the utilization and effects of drugs in large numbers of people. Pharmacoepidemiology focuses on patient outcomes from medical interventions and therapeutics by applying the methods of clinical epidemiology to understanding the determinants of beneficial and adverse drug effects.

Implementation Science and Health Policy research focuses on improving the uptake of evidence-based practices in real-world health care settings. This work draws on established theories and methods to identify determinants of implementation, develop strategies to enhance adoption, and evaluate the impact of health programs, interventions, and policies. The objective is to advance effective, safe, equitable, and high-quality care.