Undergraduate Index		Franklin G. Berger, Chair of the Department Professors Ronald H. Benner, Ph.D., University of Georgia, 1984 Franklin G. Berger, Ph.D., Purdue University, 1974 George H. Bunch Professor of Science and Chair of the Department Bruce C. Coull, Ph.D., Lehigh University, 1968 Carolina Distinguished Professor and Dean of the School of the Environment John Mark Dean, Ph.D., Purdue University, 1962 Berten E. Ely III, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1973 Michael R. Felder, Ph.D., University of California, Davis, 1970 Robert J. Feller, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1977 Madilyn Fletcher, Ph.D., University College of North Wales, 1974 Director of Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Thomas J. Hilbish, Ph.D., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1984 Austin L Hughes, Ph.D., Indiana University, 1984 David E. Lincoln, Ph.D., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1978 Wade T. Batson Professor of Botany Charles R. Lovell, Ph.D., Purdue University, 1984 László Márton, Ph.D., Jozsef Attila University, 1976 Nawin C. Mishra, Ph.D., McMaster University, 1967 James T. Morris, Ph.D., Yale University, 1979 Roger H. Sawyer, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, 1970 Carolina Distinguished Professor; Associate Dean, College of Science and Mathematics Stephen E. Stancyk, Ph.D., University of Florida, 1974 Vicki Vance-Bowman, Ph.D., Washington University, 1983 Larry T. Wimer, Ph.D., University of Virginia, 1962 Sarah A. Woodin, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1972 Carolina Distinguished Professor Duane C. Yoch, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, 1968 Richard G. Zingmark, Ph.D., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1969 Associate Professors Franklyn F. Bolander Jr., M.D./Ph.D., Duke University, 1977 Graduate Director Lewis H. Bowman, Ph.D., University of Virginia, 1979 Gerald T. Cowley, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1962 Assistant Dean, College of Science and Mathematics Michael J. Dewey, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1973 Robert P. Lawther, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1974 Timothy A. Mousseau, Ph.D., McGill University, 1988 Joseph M. Quattro, Ph.D., Rutgers University, 1991 David Reisman, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1986 Richard M. Showman, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1979 Associate Chair of the Department Richard G. Vogt, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1988 Alan S. Waldman, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1985 David S. Wethey, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1979 Assistant Professors Renae J. Brodie, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1999 Erin L. Connolly, Ph.D., University of California, Davis, 1997 Brian S. Helmuth, Ph.D., University of Washington, 1997 Kevin Higgins, Ph.D., University of California, Davis, 1997 Beth A. Krizek, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1993 Rekha C. Patel, Ph.D., Indian Institute of Sciences, 1987 Robert A. Raguso, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1995 Deanna S. Smith, Ph.D., Stanford University, 1994 Johannes W. Stratmann, Ph.D., University of Regensburg, 1994 Research Professor Yung-Pin Chen, Ph.D., Murdoch University, 1986 Research Associate Professors Loren W. Knapp, Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1980 Undergraduate Director Gail Pruss, Ph.D., University of California Berkeley, 1977 Barbara C. Waldman, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1985 Research Assistant Professors Antonia Forsthoefel, Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1981 Kaiping Han, Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1994 Maria Marjorette O. Pena, Ph.D., Bowling Green State University, 1995 Instructor Charles F. Duggins, Ph.D., Florida State University, 1980 Distinguished Professors Emeriti Wade T. Batson Jr., Ph.D., Duke University, 1952 B. Theodore Cole, Ph.D., Duke University, 1954 Wallace D. Dawson, Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1962 Patricia J. DeCoursey, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1959 John M. Herr Jr., Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1957 David H. Rembert Jr., Ph.D., University of Kentucky, 1967 Duane L. Rohlfing, Ph.D., Florida State University, 1964 Norimitsu Watabe, D.Sc., Tohoku University, 1960 F. John Vernberg, Ph.D., Purdue University, 1951 Professors Emeriti David L. Claybrook, Ph.D., University of Texas, 1960 E. Fontelle Thompson, Jr. Ph.D., University of Georgia, 1959 Degree Requirements (128 hours) 1. General Education Requirements (53--54 hours) The following courses fulfill some of the general education requirements and some cognates and must be completed for a major in biology: CHEM 111, 112, 333, 331L, 334, 332L and STAT 201 (Note: PHYS 201 and 202 are recommended); MATH 141 and 142 are recommended. However, successful completion of MATH 122 and MATH 170 or MATH 174 may be substituted. A minimum grade of C in BIOL 101, 101L, 102, 102L is required of all biology majors. For an outline of other general education requirements, see "College of Science and Mathematics." 2. Major Requirements (28 hours) At least 28 hours of biology courses 300, 400, 500, or 600 level including BIOL 301, 302, and 303; one physiology and one plant biology course. At least three courses applied toward the major must have an associated laboratory. No more than three credits of 399 may be applied toward the major. Two of 301, 302, or 303 must be completed to advance to 400-600 level courses. 3. Cognate Requirements (12 hours) (As part of the cognate requirement, four hours of an advanced course must be completed in one of the following areas: chemistry, physics, geological sciences, mathematics, statistics, computer science, experimentally oriented psychology, or other related fields.) 4. Electives, see "College of Science and Mathematics." 5. Progression Requirement Biology majors may enroll in a biology major course a maximum of twice to earn the required grade of C or higher. For the purposes of this standard of progression, withdrawal with a W does not constitute enrollment. 6. Transfer Requirement Any student applying for transfer to the biology major from other programs within the University, or from other accredited colleges and universities, is required to have a minimum overall grade point average of 2.50 on a 4.00 scale. Course Descriptions (BIOL) 101--Biological Principles I. (3) (Coreq: BIOL 101L) Introductory survey of cell structure and function, genetics and evolution. For biology majors, premed students and others needing a prerequisite in biological sciences. Three lecture hours per week. 101L--Biological Principles I Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 101) Examination of basic principles of cellular biology, genetics, and metabolism utilizing recitations, demonstrations, and laboratory exercises. Three hours per week. 102--Biological Principles II. (3) (Prereq: grade of C or better in BIOL 101, BIOL 101L; coreq: BIOL 102L) Introductory survey of plant and animal systems, principles of development, physiology, reproduction and ecology. Three lectures per week. 102L--Biological Principles II Laboratory. (1) (Prereq: BIOL 101, BIOL 101L; coreq: BIOL 102) Examination of phylogeny, structure, and function of plants and animals utilizing demonstrations and laboratory exercises. Three hours per week. 110--General Biology. (4) Basic biological concepts and issues for non-biology majors. Credit may not be given for both this course and BIOL 120. Three lecture, two laboratory hours per week. 110A--General Biology (Audio-Tutorial). (1) Addendum to BIOL 110. 120--Human Biology. (3) Fundamental principles of human biology. Credit may not be given for both BIOL 110 and BIOL 120. Three lecture hours per week. Not for major credit. 120L--Laboratory in Human Biology. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 120) Exercises dealing with basic concepts of human biology. Not for major credit. 200--Plant Science. (3) An introduction to plant science for the non-major. This course does not carry major credit, and is not designed as a prerequisite for other biology courses. Plant development, physiology, genetics, evolution, and ecology will be considered. Three lecture hours per week. 200L--Plant Science Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 200) Laboratory exercises, demonstrations, and audio-visual supplements to BIOL 200. Two hours per week. Not for major credit. 206--Genetics and Society. (3) (Designed for non-major students.) Genetic principles, emphasizing human heredity. Relevance of recent advances in genetics. Three lecture hours per week. 220--Selected Topics in Biology. (1 each; 8 maximum) A series of courses each lasting one-third of a semester. Course content varies and will be announced in the schedule of classes by suffix and title. Three lecture hours per week. 232--Anatomy. (3) Functional anatomy of the human body and its relation to disease processes. Not for biology major credit. 232L--Anatomy Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 232) The principles of anatomy as demonstrated by microscopic studies and animal dissection. Three hours per week. 240--Applied Human Physiology. (3) Fundamentals of functional human biology and knowledge of contemporary medical problems. Not for major credit. 242--Human Physiology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 232 or permission of instructor) Functional biology of organ systems in the maintenance of the whole organism; homeostatic relationships. Not available for biology major credit. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. 243--Human Anatomy and Physiology I. (3) (Prereq: CHEM 102) Functional anatomy and physiology of the human body, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. Not available for biology major credit. Three lecture hours per week. 243L--Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 243) The principles of anatomy and physiology as demonstrated by microscopic studies, animal dissection, and physiological experiments. One three-hour laboratory per week. 244--Human Anatomy and Physiology II. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 243) Functional anatomy and physiology of the human body, including the cardiovascular, endocrine, excretory, reproductive, digestive, and respiratory systems. Not available for biology major credit. Three lecture hours per week. 244L--Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 244) A continuation of BIOL 243L. One three-hour laboratory per week. 260--Physiology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 102) Physiology of human systems especially susceptible to disturbance: immunobiology, circulation, excretion, metabolism, endocrinology, and muscle physiology. Not for biology major credit. Intended for pharmacy students. 270--Introduction to Environmental Biology. (3) Basic ecological principles and the impacts of human population growth and technology. Not for major credit. 270L--Introduction to Environmental Biology Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 270) Demonstrations, data analyses, discussions, and films relating to human ecology, resource use, and environmental impact. Two hours per week. Not for major credit. 301--Ecology and Evolution. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 102 or MSCI 311) Concepts of evolution, populations, and population interactions; communities and ecosystems. Three lecture hours per week. 301L--Ecology and Evolution Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 301) Experiments, exercises, and demonstrations. Three hours per week. 302--Cell and Molecular Biology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 102 or MSCI 311; prereq or coreq: CHEM 333) Principles of eukaryotic cell structure, molecular organization, and physiology. Genome organization and expression. Cell growth, division, and cell-cell interactions. Three lectures per week. 302L--Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 302) Experiments, exercises, and demonstrations. Three hours per week. 303--Fundamental Genetics. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 102 or MSCI 311) Basic principles of transmission and molecular genetics; quantitative inheritance; recombination; biochemical aspects of gene function and regulation; developmental genetics and population genetics. Three lecture hours per week. 330--Microbiology. (3) (Prereq: college-level biology and chemistry; coreq: BIOL 330L) An introduction to bacteria and viruses, emphasizing structure, metabolism, and pathogenesis. Discussion of infectious diseases, antigen-antibody relationships, and anti-microbial agents in chemotherapy. Not available for biology major credit. Three lecture hours per week. 330L--Microbiology Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 330) Not available for biology major credit. Three hours per week. 398--Laboratory Teaching Experience. (1) (Prereq: Department permission) Participation in preparation and teaching of undergraduate biological sciences laboratories. 399--Independent Study. (1-6) Contract approved by instructor, advisor, and department head is required for undergraduate students. 415--Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 102 or MSCI 311) Phylogenetic and comparative aspects of anatomy, reproduction, and embryology of the vertebrates. Three lecture and two two-hour laboratory periods per week. 420--Survey of the Plant Kingdom. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301) Phylogenetic survey of the major plant divisions; consideration of the structure and development of flowering plants. 420L--Survey of the Plant Kingdom Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 420) Three hours per week. 425--Plant Form and Function. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302) Basic introduction to plants, including cellular biology, energetics, structure-function relationships, development, nutrition, and diversity. 425L--Plant Form and Function Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 425) Illustration of principles of introductory botany and plant physiology using experiments, exercises, and demonstrations. Three laboratory hours per week. 431--Bacteriology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 or MSCI 311; coreq: BIOL 431L) Introduction to bacteria and viruses emphasizing ultrastructure, physiology, genetics, and growth. Discussion of public health, industrial, and environmental microbiology. Three lecture hours per week. 431L--Bacteriology Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 431) Three laboratory hours per week. 460--General Physiology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 or MSCI 311) Functional mechanisms of vertebrate organ systems. Three lecture hours per week. 460L--General Physiology Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 460) Experiments on vertebrate organ system functions using different animal models. One four-hour laboratory per week. 465--Domestic Animal Nutrition. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302) Elements of nutrition and animal feeding in veterinary practice. Three lecture hours per week. 498--Biological Research: An Introduction. (4) (Prereq: one 300-level or higher biological laboratory and consent of instructor) Methodologies of biological research with emphsis on hypothesis formation, research design, and data collection, and current issues in biology. Two lecture and six laboratory hours per week. 505--Developmental Biology I. (3) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 302) An introduction to the descriptive and experimental embryology of animals. Living and preserved specimens will be used to demonstrate the basic processes of embryogenesis. Three lecture hours per week. 505L--Developmental Biology Laboratory I. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 505) Descriptive and experimental exercises related to embryology. One three-hour laboratory per week. 506--Developmental Biology II. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 505) Molecular aspects of development from gamete formation through tissue and organ differentiation in plants and animals. Three lecture hours per week. 506L--Developmental Biology Laboratory II. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 506) A series of experimentally oriented laboratory exercises will be performed. One three-hour laboratory per week. 510--Invertebrate Zoology. (5) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Phylogenetic and comparative aspects of anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and embryology of the invertebrates. Three lecture and two three-hour laboratory periods per week. 523--Plant Development. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and 303) Descriptive and molecular examination of the processes and mechanisms used by plants in organogenesis, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Three lecture hours per week. 524--Mycology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or consent of instructor) Taxonomy and morphology of fungi; cultivation, life histories, and economic importance; all classes and major orders considered. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. 525--Marine Botany. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Diversity, distribution, physiology, ecology, evolution, and economic importance of marine algal, seagrass, and mangrove communities. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. Scheduled field trips are required. 526--The Fall Flora. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or consent of instructor) Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week. 527--The Spring Flora. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or consent of instructor) Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week. 528--The Summer Flora. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or consent of instructor) Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week. 530--Histology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 302) An introduction to the tissues that make up the human body. The microscopic anatomy of tissues is examined and discussed in terms of function and physiology. Three lecture hours and four laboratory hours per week. 531--Parasitology. {=ENHS 661 and EPID 661} (4) (Prereq: BIOL 460 or consent of instructor) Parasites of biological, economic, and public health importance. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. 534--Animal Behavior. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) A comparative survey of behavior patterns of animals from protists to humans and the physiological mechanisms underlying behavior. 534L--Animal Behavior Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 534) Observational and experimental methods used in classifying animal behavior patterns and in determining underlying control mechanisms. One three-hour laboratory per week. 536--Ichthyology. {=MSCI 536} (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311 or consent of instructor) Phylogeny, morphology, behavior, and ecology of fishes. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week. Several field trips are required. 537--Aquaculture. {=MSCI 537} (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Introduction to the practical and scientific aspects of the commercial culture of freshwater and marine organisms. Three lecture hours per week. One all-day field trip required. 541--Principles of Biochemistry. {=CHEM 550} (3) (Prereq: CHEM 334) A survey of fundamentals of biochemistry. 541L--Principles of Biochemistry Laboratory. {=CHEM 550L} (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 541) Three laboratory hours per week. 543--Comparative Physiology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 or MSCI 311) A study of phylogeny of physiological systems and functional mechanisms involved in the maintenance of life in zoological forms. Three lecture hours per week. 543L--Comparative Physiology Laboratory. (1) (Coreq: BIOL 543) Laboratory exercises to illustrate principles from BIOL 543. Three hours per week. 545--Biochemistry/Molecular Biology I. {=CHEM 555} (3) (Prereq: CHEM 334 or equivalent) Essentials of modern biochemistry. Three lecture hours per week. First semester of a two-semester course. 546--Biochemistry/Molecular Biology II. {=CHEM 556} (3) (Prereq: BIOL 545 or consent of instructor) Essentials of modern biochemistry and molecular biology. Three lecture hours per week. Second semester of a two-semester course. 549--Plant Physiology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and 425) A general survey of the major physiological processes in plants. Two lecture and four laboratory hours per week. 552--Population Genetics. {=MSCI 552} (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301, MSCI 302, and BIOL 303) An introduction to the principles of population genetics, with emphasis on the origin, maintenance, and significance of genetic variation in natural populations. 570--Principles of Ecology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Interactions of organisms and the environment; ecosystem structure and functions. Three lecture hours per week. 570L--Principles of Ecology Laboratory. (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 570) Three hours per week. 575--Marine Ecology. {=MSCI 575} (3) (Prereq: CHEM 111 and BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Structure, dynamics, and interactions between populations and communities in marine ecosystems. Three lecture hours per week. Attendance at designated departmental seminars is required. 575L--Marine Ecology Laboratory. {=MSCI 575L} (1) (Prereq or coreq: BIOL 575) Laboratory and field exercises in coastal environments. 577--Ecology of Coral Reefs. {=MSCI 577} (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311 or consent of instructor) Structure, productivity, and biodiversity of coral reefs, emphasizing their sensitivity, stability, and sustainability. Taught as an extended field experience with daily lectures and guided research activities. 599--Topics in Biology. (1-3) Current developments in biological sciences. Readings and research on selected topics. Course content varies and will be announced in the schedule of classes by suffix and title. 620--Immunobiology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302) Basic immunological concepts including antibody structure, function, and genetics; cellular immunology; transplantation; hypersensitivity; autoimmunity; and immunity to infectious diseases. 635--Neurobiology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and permission of instructor) Descriptive and experimental aspects of the neural basis of behavior, emphasizing cellular and molecular mechanisms. Two lecture and six laboratory hours per week. 640--Microbial Ecology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 431 and either BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Interactions of microorganisms with each other, with more complex organisms, and with their environments. Three lecture hours per week. 643--Advanced Microbiology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and 431) The taxonomy, morphology, metabolism, genetics, and ecology of microorganisms. Three lecture hours per week. 645--Senior Seminar. (1) (Prereq: 16 hours of biology) 650--Biological Oceanography. {=MSCI 650} (3) (Prereq: BIOL 575 or MSCI 311 or permission of instructor) Processes controlling productivity in the sea, phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions, benthic-pelagic coupling, the deep-sea environment, and a critical assessment of oceanographic methods. Three lecture hours per week. Scheduled field trips are required. 651--Limnology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301) A study of the aquatic environment and its biota. Three lecture and four laboratory hours per week. 652--Evolutionary Biology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 552 or consent of instructor) A survey of major themes in evolutionary biology, including natural selection, molecular evolution, population genetics, quantitative genetics, sexual selection, speciation, and coevolution. Three lecture and two recitation/laboratory hours. 654--Speciation. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or 652) Speciation as the source of biological diversity. Historical and biological viewpoints. Analysis of concepts of species and models of speciation. Two lectures and one recitation per week. 655--Biotechnology. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and 303) Studies in molecular biology and genetics with emphasis on the use of newly developed techniques in biotechnology. Three lecture hours per week. 656--Experimental Biotechnology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 302, 302L and consent of instructor) Techniques used in biotechnology will be employed in the context of an experimental project. Twelve laboratory hours per week. 660--Biology of Mammals. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301 or MSCI 311) Evolution, systematics, genetics, ecology, and adaptation of mammals. Emphasis on native South Carolina species. Two lectures and one two-hour laboratory per week, plus five field trips to be arranged. 665--Human Molecular Genetics. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 and 303 or consent of instructor) Molecular mechanisms underlying gene action and differentiation in man; the genetic bases for human variability and inborn metabolic errors leading to inherited diseases. 670--Plant Ecology. (4) (Prereq: BIOL 301) Structure and dynamics of plant populations and communities, including life histories, adaptations, and plant interactions. Two lectures and four laboratory hours per week. 690--Ultramicroscopy. (3) (Prereq: BIOL 302 or MSCI 311 or consent of instructor) Theoretical and practical aspects of electron, optical, and atomic force microscopy including energy dispersive analysis and digital image acquisition and processing. Two lecture and one laboratory hour per week, plus a research project to be arranged. 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